How to Unblock Spotify in Any Country in 2024 (Quick Hacks)

Douglas Mabiria  - Expert Tech Reporter
Last updated: January 1, 2024
Read time: 19 minutes
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Want to get past geo-blocking and unblock Spotify? You can get Spotify web player unblocked (or the app) with a proxy server or VPN. This article explains how.

THE TAKEAWAYS

Spotify has emerged as the largest and most popular music streaming service today. But despite its global availability, it doesn’t serve its customers with the same content due to the underlying copyright and licensing issues. Hence, not all Spotify users can enjoy their favorite music if they are outside a specified location. Nonetheless, users can easily unblock their desired Spotify library anywhere using a robust VPN.

Spotify services are geographically unavailable in several regions across the globe. So, while it is accessible in several European countries and South and North America, it has limited availability in Asia and Africa. Therefore, you’ll only be left drooling, unable to listen to your favorite music in countries like Pakistan, Russia, and China.

Spotify may also have restricted availability within authorized locations. For example, schools, workplaces, universities, and alike may also block Spotify on their networks.

But worry no more, as this detailed guide explains how you can unblock Spotify anywhere, regardless of location.

How to unblock the Spotify app easily (the quick guide)

Desperately want to listen to Spotify now? Here’s a short guide on what you can do.

  1. First, choose a top-quality VPN provider and create your account with them. We recommend NordVPN.
  2. Download and install the VPN (if you went with NordVPN, you would have apps for all major desktop and mobile devices).
  3. Log into your VPN application and then select a VPN server in a country that’s Spotify-friendly. Some of those countries include the United States, Canada, Hong Kong, Australia, and Argentina.
  4. Connect to the selected VPN server.
  5. That is it. Now you can log in (or sign up for Spotify if you do not have an account already) and start enjoying your favorite music.

When using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) to access Spotify in blocked countries, the most important thing to consider is that the VPN should be from a reputable and quality provider with top-notch security measures. We recommend NordVPN as the number one choice to bypass the Spotify block.

Now, without further ado, let’s dive into finer details on unblocking Spotify free if you are eager to learn more.

Best VPNs to bypass Spotify blocks – Quick list

  1. NordVPN: A reliable VPN provider that prioritizes its users’ privacy and security by offering essential tools like robust AES 256-bit encryption, threat protection, and a reliable kill switch.
  2. Surfshark: This low-cost VPN service provides fast streaming speeds and supports unlimited simultaneous device connections with a single subscription.
  3. ExpressVPN: A superb choice for unblocking popular websites such as Spotify because it offers lightning-fast speeds, military-grade security, a zero-logs policy, and stealth browsing features.
  4. CyberGhost: This VPN service provider boasts an extensive server network, excellent speeds, effective encryption protocols, and IP/DNS leak protection, making it ideal for unblocking Spotify.

Why the restrictions?

There are several reasons why Spotify is not accessible in your region:

Geo-restrictions

Access to Spotify is restricted in some regions. Spotify could deny you access to its service if your location doesn’t fall under the allowed regions. That is why you’d need a reliable VPN to bypass geo-restrictions.


Intentional blocking

Some organizations restrict Spotify intentionally for various reasons. For instance, some learning institutions restrict the use of Spotify to avoid distracting learning activities. Some organizations also prohibit using Spotify services on their workplace computers or even block VPNs. However, you can bypass VPN blocks if you still plan on using the service.


Firewalls and antivirus software

Your computer firewall and antivirus software could potentially flag Spotify as a malicious program, thus blocking its functionality.


Spotify content may vary based on your location. Sometimes, Spotify can grey off specific content not allowed in your region. Usually, this is due to license and copyright agreements with music companies and other third parties.


How is Spotify blocked?

In most cases of Spotify blocking, the unavailability of the platform isn’t from the service providers’ end. Instead, the authorities at your place (as the user’s end) apply different strategies to block the platform within the region. It can be your government, institution, workplace IT team, or other authorities.

Usually, these authorities block Spotify via Firewall rules that bar the platform from running on specified networks. So, for example, your school or office authorities can block Spotify on their network by creating such Firewall rules.

Meanwhile, in broader scenarios, like nationwide blocking, the governments block the service’s IP addresses and domains. The governments also direct the ISPs to block those platforms, making it difficult to evade restrictions even after changing your network.

Hence, the only workaround is connecting to a network from another region, possibly via tools like a web proxy or a VPN.

Is it possible to get Spotify anywhere?

Just because you’re located in a region where Spotify is restricted doesn’t mean that you can’t access your favorite music. All it takes to evade the limitation is to change your online location.

You can bypass the Spotify block in several ways, though some are more reliable. (Below, we cover them in detail.)

But now, you might wonder, “How does Spotify identify my location?

It’s pretty simple; just like all the internet services, Spotify can quickly tell where you’re accessing it by simply checking your IP address. Its system then checks the country where that IP address is registered.

Therefore, everything you do to access Spotify from a region where it has been restricted requires changing your country’s IP address. Then, once you get an IP from a location where Spotify is available, you can enjoy your favorite content without interruptions.

How to unblock Spotify via VPN (the detailed guide)

What is a VPN 1220x745

Using a VPN is undoubtedly the safest and the most effective method to unlock Spotify and all other streaming services, such as Netflix US, Hulu, and Crackle, while abroad, to name a few.

On top of letting you access blocked services, a VPN makes your browsing history private. Also, it blocks hackers and companies from stealing your data.

A VPN offers a “fake” IP address to mask your actual IP address. That’s how everything you do on your device stays personal and private.

You can comfortably use a VPN to stream Spotify in India or any other country. However, the abundance of VPN providers in the market can overwhelm your selection. So, below, we list some of the best VPN services to stream Spotify anywhere.

How to download the Spotify app in restricted countries?

You can’t simply download the Spotify app if you’re in a restricted region. However, that doesn’t mean it’s impossible.

If you’re using an Android, you’ll need either a third-party app store or find an APK file and install it manually on your device. If you’re an iOS user, you must change your country/region on the App Store to access the Spotify app.


Play Spotify songs in other countries

Sometimes, Spotify may block some content in your region due to geo-restrictions, licensing, copyright, or distribution rights.

A Virtual Private Network will enable you to navigate the geographic restrictions. All you need is to choose a server in a region that supports Spotify service using these steps:

  1. Choose a reliable VPN of your choice.
  2. Download and sign up for the VPN service.
  3. Launch the VPN app.
  4. Connect to a VPN server location that supports Spotify.
  5. Create a Spotify account.
  6. Open the Spotify app and enjoy the music of your choice.

Listen to Spotify at school or work

Some institutions and organizations block Spotify services for various reasons. Learning institutions view it as reducing distractions, while organizations may burn its use on policy grounds. Either way, you can unblock Spotify at school using a good VPN using these steps:

  1. Download and sign up for a reliable VPN.
  2. Connect to a VPN server location that allows Spotify service.
  3. Sign up for Spotify.
  4. Open the Spotify app and enjoy.

These steps are similar across various devices, including computers, iPads, and smartphones.


4 best Spotify VPN providers for seamless streaming

Different VPN providers focus on various sectors of technology. For instance, some focus on security and might lack server diversity. Others may concentrate on high-speed servers and thousands of IP addresses for better reach but have inadequate protection.

Therefore, when choosing the right VPN, you must consider all the aspects. Here are some of the characteristics of the best Spotify VPN.

  • Easy to use.
  • High speed with connection stability.
  • Support for several platforms.
  • Thousands of servers across several countries.
  • Offer multiple simultaneous connections.
  • Applies healthy encryption parameters.

Now that you know what to look for in a VPN for Spotify, let’s look at some of the best VPNs you should consider.

1. NordVPN

NordVPN for Streaming

It offers speed, stability, and a plethora of customizable features. In addition, with its huge choice of servers, you can use this VPN to access several other geo-blocked websites alongside Spotify.

servers 5,900+ servers across 60 countries
P2P optimized servers Supports P2P sharing
encryption AES-256-bit encryption
Zero-logs policy Zero-logs policy
Kill switch Kill switch feature
MultiHop mode Double VPN
protection DNS/IPv6 leak protection
live chat 24/7 live chat
simultaneous connections Allows 6 simultaneous connections
money-back guarantee 30 days money-back guarantee
Pros
  • Unblocks Spotify where it is restricted
  • Fast speeds
  • Quick-connect feature
Cons
  • Kill switch doesn’t turn off all iOS apps

NordVPN has a vast server network with more than 5,900 servers spread across 60 countries. Besides, it offers high-speed connectivity, meaning you won’t face any lags while streaming.

NordVPN encrypts traffic through 256-bit AES encryption and boasts DNS protection, too. Hence, your internet browsing remains secure and private.

With this service, you can enjoy up to 6 simultaneous connections with a single subscription.

Overall, the VPN app is easy to install and use and supports several platforms, such as macOS, Windows, iOS, Android, Linux, etc. Also, the provider offers 24/7 customer support through a live chat or email if needed.

Alongside streaming, it’s one of the best VPN options for torrenting. The service offers P2P-optimized servers to handle fast-speed torrenting with complete privacy.

Besides, you get a 30-day risk-free money-back guarantee by subscribing to NordVPN, regardless of your chosen pricing plan. Thus, you can assess the Virtual Private Network for usability without worrying about your money.

Extensive NordVPN review


2. Surfshark

SurfsharkVPN

Features a network of more than 3200 servers across 65 countries, meaning you’ll find a location to connect and access Spotify from anywhere.

servers 3,200+ servers in 100 countries
encryption AES-256-bit encryption
P2P optimized servers P2P servers
MultiHop mode MultiHop mode
protection DNS leak protection
Kill switch Automatic kill switch
Zero-logs policy No-logs policy
Camouflage mode Camouflage Mode
simultaneous connections Allows unlimited simultaneous connections
money-back guarantee 30-day money-back guarantee
Pros
  • Streams Spotify
  • Support anonymous payments like Bitcoin
  • Does not limit bandwidth and connections
Cons
  • Some servers are slow

Like other VPNs on this list, Surfshark does not only help access Spotify but several other platforms like Amazon Prime Video and Hotstar.

One of the noteworthy features of Surfshark is its support for unlimited simultaneous devices with one subscription.

Also, it offers dedicated apps for all the major devices and operating systems, including Windows, Linux, macOS, iOS, Android, and routers.

Its features, such as stealthy VPN protocols, MultiHop servers, Camouflage Mode, kill switch, and inbuilt malware blocking tool, ensure users’ security remains at the highest level.

Surfshark offers the best streaming speeds with unlimited bandwidth at the cheapest costs. Moreover, you can take a spin at it — thanks to its 30-day money-back guarantee.

Read our complete Surfshark VPN review.


3. ExpressVPN

ExpressVPN new features block logo 120 by 120 now

Best choice for unblocking Spotify from anywhere. It features military-grade encryption protocols combined with high-speeds and anti-VPN detection technology for uninterrupted streaming.

servers 3,000+ servers in 94 countries
encryption AES-256-bit encryption
protection DNS/IPv6 leak protection
P2P optimized servers P2P servers
network lock feature Network Lock feature
Trusted servers nord TrustedServer technology
Zero-logs policy Zero-logging
simultaneous connections Up to 5 simultaneous connections
money-back guarantee 30-day money back guarantee
Pros
  • User friendly
  • Unblocks Spotify
  • Round the clock customer support
Cons
  • Relatively expensive

ExpressVPN offers an array of servers (over 3000) spread across more than 94 countries. The app is straightforward to set up with a minimal functional design.

The service also offers a “Smart Location” option that automatically connects you to the fastest VPN location. Moreover, the provider has an automatic kill switch to cut off internet access whenever the connection is unstable.

You can simultaneously use the VPN on up to 5 devices with a single ExpressVPN subscription. It works on almost all the popular operating systems: macOS, Android, Windows, Linux, iOS, and several others. You can even set up ExpressVPN on your router.

Alongside Spotify, this VPN unblocks several other sites like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, BBC iPlayer, and HBO.

Users also enjoy its 30-day money-back guarantee with a 7-day free trial for all mobile apps. It doesn’t keep logs and features premium security and privacy features.

Read detailed ExpressVPN review.


4. CyberGhost

cyberghost small

Its huge server network having thousands of servers across the globe ensures you never miss your favorite Spotify media even while traveling.

servers 9,500+ servers in 91 countries
encryption AES-256-bit encryption
protection Wi-Fi protection
P2P optimized servers P2P servers
Zero-logs policy Zero logging
simultaneous connections Allows up to 7 simultaneous devices
money-back guarantee 45-day money-back guarantee
Pros
  • Unblocks Spotify with excellent speed
  • Affordable plans
  • Live chat support
Cons
  • Ineffective ad blocker

If you’re merely looking for essential functions of a VPN, then CyberGhost is the go-to VPN. Some of the cybersecurity experts in our PrivacySavvy security team claim it should be your only option to stream music with Spotify regarding encryption protocols and speed. Experts are hardly wrong.

Moreover, it has more than 9,500 servers in over 90 countries. That means you can get Spotify unblocked right from the comfort of your home using this VPN, regardless of location.

The cost-effective provider offers up to seven simultaneous connections with a single subscription.

It doesn’t keep user activity logs and supports several platforms like iOS, Android, Windows, Linux, and macOS. You also have 45 days to try the service risk-free.

You’ll also benefit from its features like the strict no logs policy, kill switch protection, DNS and IP leak protection, and several others that will ensure you stay safe and secure.


Using VPN to access Spotify – a step-by-step guide

  • Subscribe to a VPN service provider that supports Spotify, such as those listed above. You can use their trials with a money-back guarantee to test different VPNs simultaneously. Or, you can assess them one by one to access Spotify.
  • Download the respective VPN client on your device. If you can’t find one for your device, such as the VPN app for your Smart TV, you can download the router client to set up the VPN on your router. It will let you stream your favorite music on any device connected to the router.
  • Connect to a relevant VPN server to access your preferred Spotify library.
  • Once the VPN connection is established, sign in to your Spotify account. At this point, make sure that you first connect to the VPN so that Spotify detects the location of your VPN instead of your actual IP address.

That is it. You can now enjoy your favorite music without hassle. In case you face any interruptions, try switching your VPN server. But make sure not to do that with your Spotify account signed in to avoid leaking your IP location.

As a precaution, you may consider clearing your Spotify app cache (or web browser cache) to remove any previous traces of your real IP before you start streaming.


How to get Spotify cheaper with a VPN

Spotify is one of the world’s largest music streaming platforms, offering users a vast library of free music from across the globe. However, despite its popularity worldwide, it is banned in some countries, such as UAE and China.

Spotify’s premium prices vary in every region where it is accessible. For instance, the individual subscription cost in the United States is $10.99/month, whereas registering an account from Turkey or Argentina will only cost you $1.48 or $2.20 per month.

A trustworthy VPN provider, such as NordVPN, can help you unblock Spotify from a region where it is banned or gain access to lower subscription costs. Simply connect to a server in a country where Spotify Premium is available and affordable. Your IP address will be adjusted to circumvent the site’s geo-restrictions.

Trying to access Spotify in a restricted region without a VPN service or with a VPN that is not robust enough to bypass the platform’s geo-blocks will result in an instant block followed by the error message, ‘Spotify is currently unavailable in your country.’

Why you must use a VPN with Spotify

It’s easy to think you only need a VPN to bypass Spotify geo-restrictions and firewalls. But there are other reasons you must always use a VPN with Spotify.

Since its launch, Spotify has had its share of being targeted by hackers. (That is why the platform paid $120K (£95.91K) to hackers to help the company maintain a secure service not too long ago).

Any information you enter online, including personal and financial data, will likely be intercepted.

For instance, if you use the accessible version of Spotify, you risk being hacked due to the malware that silently operates in the background, stealing data.

However, if you use a VPN, it will help provide security and online anonymity. It helps to protect online privacy and keep personal data safe. That way, you can get all the freedom you need to enjoy surfing the internet. Moreover, you can enjoy faster streaming.

Still having problems accessing the Spotify app?

If you continue to face trouble accessing the Spotify app or web player despite using a VPN, consider doing the following:

  • Restart your Spotify app.
  • Log out and log back in.
  • Ensure you have an up-to-date app.
  • Check the settings to ensure it’s not in Offline mode.
  • Check @SpotifyStatus to ascertain any service issues.
  • Reinstall the app.

Can I use a free VPN to stream Spotify from anywhere?

Spotify is arguably the most prominent music streaming platform globally, with over 295 million total and 138 million premium users. Sometimes, you might be caught between using a free VPN to access Spotify and using the prepaid plan.

Undeniably, it’s tempting to opt for a free service, especially when you need one only for some entertainment.

However, one thing is clear – free VPNs are always inferior to paid options. For instance, when you opt for free VPNs, be ready to face issues like data caps and bandwidth throttling.

Undoubtedly, they’re the last things you want to hear when streaming your favorite music. Therefore, you need a paid VPN plan to get smooth and uninterrupted audio playback.

Moreover, there’s nothing like being entirely free! Free VPNs always have their ways of monetizing their product. For instance, the number of ad pop-ups you’ll get will be irritating. They may also go as far as deploying cookie tracking to extract your browsing data that they can sell to other third-party sites.

Therefore, before you decide to use a free VPN (which will serve your purpose), you must consider its risky side.

Countries where Spotify is not restricted

At the moment, Spotify is seamlessly accessible in the following locations.

Asia PacificAustralia, Japan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand.
EuropeAndorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Turkey, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.
Latin America and the CaribbeanArgentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay.
The United States and CanadaCanada, United States.

Unfortunately, there are many places where one cannot access Spotify, such as China, India, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Russia, Qatar, and others.

If your IP address is in a country where Spotify is blocked, then you get an error message like this;

 Your country doesn’t match the one set in your profile.

Also, Spotify has a separate library for each geo-location. So, for example, a Latin American user will access different content compared to the one in North America.

Once you log into your Spotify website or app, the authentication details are kept for up to 14 days, within which you can still access your content even if you travel abroad. However, after that period, you’ll be required to log in again, and Spotify will recheck your IP address to determine your location and see if you’re in a country where it has been restricted.

Your only companion should be a VPN, which will mask your IP address and trick Spotify with a fake IP address.

Unblocking Spotify without a VPN

Although, using a VPN remains the best strategy to get Spotify anywhere. However, it may not be viable if you live in a region where VPNs are illegal. So, here we describe two more workarounds to bypass Spotify blocking.

1. Use a web proxy

An easy VPN alternative to unlock Spotify is to use a proxy server. However, you must note that it’s not a secure method.

A proxy server disguises your IP address and makes it look like you’re in a country where Spotify is not blocked. While that sounds great, proxy servers can significantly slow down your connection. They can also overwhelm you with adverts, infect your browser with malvertising, or monitor everything you do online.

Therefore, consider never using a proxy service if you need to enter sensitive details. However, if you never mind about all the risks, then do the following;

  • Head over to any of the best proxy sites available today.
  • Change your server country to the one where Spotify is not blocked.
  • Enter “https://spotify.com.”
  • You’re in! Enjoy your favorite music.

Nevertheless, you should be aware that proxy servers are associated with several problems, and you may risk your data security and privacy.


2. Use a Spotify unblocker

Unblockers are tools similar to web proxies, but they typically aim to unblock specific website(s).

An unblocker comprises a proxy server and a web proxy and is typically available as a browser extension. You can easily integrate this tool into your web browser to hide your location.

Unblockers are popular due to their ease of use and browser compatibility. However, you cannot rely on them as they are vulnerable to leaking your online details. Therefore, you should prefer unblockers and VPNs for added security instead of using them singly.


How to change the country in a Spotify account

As long as you’ve made a VPN your friend, you can continue to use the existing Spotify account anywhere across the globe.

However, that is only applicable if the last payment details are accepted. But you’ll have to update the account details to the new address if they’re invalid.

For premium subscribers, here’s how to change your country on Spotify.

  • Log into your account on the Spotify app.
  • Choose “Subscription” in the left panel.
  • Click on “Update Details.”
  • Go on and click three-dots “” for more options.
  • Then click “Change Country” and select the desired country to move your account to.
  • Select a payment method based on the new country.
  • Confirm your changes by clicking on “Change Payment Details.”

For free subscribers (14-day limit), the steps to change Spotify country are below:

  • Log in to the account page.
  • Click the “Edit profile” button.
  • Select the country you want to change the account to.
  • Click on “Save profile.”

How to block and unblock someone on Spotify

While using Spotify is a pleasant experience, sometimes, you might need to block an annoying user to maintain your privacy. Thankfully, Spotify now offers a simple solution to address this matter. It previously lacked one, but it’s good to see the improvements.

So, here’s how you can block anyone on Spotify from following you or viewing your activities.

  • Go to the user’s profile that you want to block.
  • Tap on the three dots to find options.
  • Now select the Block” option.
  • Confirm “Block” again to proceed.

Yes, it’s that simple. But what if you want to unblock that user or another user later? Don’t worry; you can undo your decision using the unblocking setting. Here’s how to proceed.

  • Go to the user’s profile that you wish to unblock. (Yes, you can still find a blocked user’s profile, though they can’t find you.)
  • Tap the three dots options to find more settings.
  • Tap on “Unblock” and proceed.

Once done, the other user can view your account and activities and follow you as usual.

How to unblock artists on Spotify

It’s impossible to block artists on Spotify, but you may request the platform not to play their songs. Remember that this procedure only works on mobile apps and is the same for iOS and Android.

If you are in this situation and wish to give an artist another chance, here’s how you can bring them back to your Spotify playlists: 

  1. Open your Spotify mobile app.
  2. Navigate into the artist’s profile. You may easily search for them or go to the ‘Your Library’ section to find them.
  3. After finding the artist’s profile, click on the three-dot menu.
  4. Choose ‘Allow to play this Artist.’

Conclusion

Regardless of your location, it’s effortless to access Spotify from anywhere. You don’t have to be tech-savvy to get Spotify web player unblocked (or its app); you only need to change your online location.

Your best bet is to use a VPN from the several ways available to unblock Spotify. And among all the providers available today, NordVPN is the best recommendation as it offers faster streaming speeds and secure connections. That means you can listen to your favorite music without lags or interruptions anytime.

FAQs

Spotify disables access to some tracks if licensing deals with record companies have expired. Spotify’s copyright and distribution policies are another possible cause.

Yes. The Great Firewall of China, the nation’s censorship system, bans Spotify in China. Additionally, the platform’s own geo-blocks place limitations on it. You’ll need a reliable VPN to bypass these dual limitations and access the service.

Some schools disable Spotify to avoid distractions. In addition, the institution’s firewall may falsely label Spotify as malware, thus blocking its access. To bypass these restrictions, use a VPN.

Use a VPN service to listen to blocked songs on Spotify. Note that you must connect to a server that supports Spotify service.

You only need to acquire a reliable VPN and connect to a server location that allows Spotify. After that, create a Spotify account and enjoy the service when connected to that server.

Besides a VPN, you can also use a web proxy service, but it’s unreliable. While it operates like a VPN, a proxy only works on a single website. Also, unlike VPNs, they don’t offer secure internet and faster browsing. Using a VPN makes it easier to access Spotify.

Despite its remarkable growth in recent years, Spotify is still unavailable in some nations, such as China. The main reason is licensing and distribution rights. If a record label or artist doesn’t avail content in a specific region, then Spotify can’t grant access to the specific content.

Absolutely. Spotify’s pricing strategy varies based on various factors, such as the economic status of specific regions. As such, if you connect to server locations in South America, you’ll likely enjoy cheaper rates.

It’s unlikely you’ll get banned for accessing Spotify using a VPN. However, use a reputable VPN since Spotify blocks some IP addresses to protect copyright holders.

It’s impossible. You must subscribe to one of their premium plans to enjoy premium services.

Yes. Spotify has a free basic plan, provided you’re within one of its supported regions. If not, you can use a VPN to access the free plan.

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About the Author

Douglas Mabiria

Douglas Mabiria

Expert Tech Reporter
26 Posts

Douglas is a freelance writer with over six years of experience in article and blog writing who has written in almost every industry with cybersecurity being his primary interest. Mabiria is an advocate for internet privacy, sustainable development, and a green environment. He is very social and enjoys trying new sports as well as implementing new ideas.

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